The flag of Syria consists of three horizontal stripes: red on top, white in the middle, and black on the bottom. In the center of the white stripe are two green five-pointed stars. This flag is a version of the Pan-Arab colors, representing the unity and history shared by Arab nations. Each element holds specific symbolism: Red represents the sacrifices of Syria's people and their struggle for independence. White symbolizes peace and a hopeful future. Black signifies the dark periods of colonialism. The two green stars originally represented Syria and Egypt when the countries briefly united to form the United Arab Republic from 1958 to 1961. The current design of Syria's flag was officially adopted in 1980.